Myelopoiesis defines the development of non-lymphoid leukocytes from the hematopoietic stem cells. This process can be further sub-divided into granulopoiesis, which generates basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, and monocytopoiesis, which creates monocytes that can develop into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Explore our interactive graphics below by clicking on each cell type to bring up a list of markers expressed at that stage of development.
Select a species to begin:
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LT-HSCs are pluripotent cells which give rise to all blood cell populations of lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineages and persist throughout the entire life-span. They have the potential to self-renew sustaining the stem cell pool or differentiate into ST-HSCs and other multi-, oligo-, and unipotent progenitors which give rise to terminally differentiated cells.
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD45R/B220- or CD19-, CD11b-, Gr-1-, CD11c-, NK1.1-)
ST-HSCs are multipotent progenitors with a short-term renewal potential as compared to LT-HSCs. It is believed that ST-HSCs differentiate from the daughter cell during an asymmetrical division of LT-HSCs. ST-HSCs can give rise to other multi-, oligo-, and unipotent progenitors which give rise to terminally differentiated cells of lymphoid, myeloid and erythroid lineages.
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD45R/B220- or CD19-, CD11b-, Gr-1-, CD11c-, NK1.1-)
LMPPs are responsible for the generation of lymphocytes and pDCs through subsequent differentiation steps including CLPs and pre-pDCs respectively. LMPPs were originally thought to be a homogeneous population of precursors containing multipotent cells with the equal potential to differentiate into several lymphoid lineages. However, a recent study has demonstrated that LMPP is a heterogeneous population of cells comprising unipotent clones with a non-overlapping lineage differentiation potential (21).
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD45R/B220- or CD19-, CD11b-, Gr-1-, CD11c-, NK1.1-)
CMPs are oligopotent progenitor derived from MPPs. This progenitor can differentiate into erythroid and myeloid lineages. It was originally believed that CMPs were a homogeneous population of precursor cells containing multipotent cells with the equal potential to differentiate into both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. However, a recent study has demonstrated that instead CMPs are a heterogeneous population of cells comprised of unipotent clones with a non-overlapping potential to give rise to an erythroid or myeloid lineage of cells (11,12).
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD45R/B220- or CD19-, CD11b-, Gr-1-, CD11c-, NK1.1-)
GMPs are oligopotent progenitor derived from CMPs. This progenitor gives rise to monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils), and some tissue dendritic cells through differentiation steps including GPs and cMOPs. A recent study suggests that GMPs are a heterogeneous population of cells comprised of unipotent clones with a nonoverlapping potential to give rise to monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes (11). In order to separate GMPs (Ly-6C-) from GPs (Ly-6C+) and cMOP/MPs (Ly-6C+) , you can use Ly-6G in the lineage mix, instead of Gr-1 which recognizes both Ly-6C and Ly-6G.
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD45R/B220- or CD19-, CD11b-, Gr-1-, CD11c-, NK1.1-)
CDPs are oligopotent progenitors derived from Monocyte-Dendritic Cell Progenitors (MDPs). They give rise to all dendritic cell populations (pDC, cDC1, and cDC2) via subsequent differentiation into Pre-cDCs (Precursor of Conventional Dendritic Cells ) and Pre-pDCs (Precursor of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells).
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD45R/B220- or CD19-, CD11b-, Gr-1- or Ly6G-, CD11c-, NK1.1-)
Pre-cDCs are derived from CDPs and give rise to classical/conventional dendritic cell populations, cDC1 and cDC2s. In mice, several pre-cDC subsets have been identified with varying expression of Siglec-H and Ly6C. Siglec-H and Ly6C serve as lineage markers that can distinguish pre-cDC subpopulations committed to the either the cDC1 (Siglec-H-Ly6C-) or cDC2 lineages (Siglec-H-Ly6C+) (14).
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD45R/B220- or CD19-, CD11b-, Ly6G-, NK1.1-)
pDCs are derived from Pre-pDC s in the bone marrow. pDCs play key role in antiviral responses and produce IFN type I cytokines.
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD19-, NK1.1-)
Learn more about DC subtypes, essential markers for phenotyping, and DC function with our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
cDC1s, also known as CD8α+ DCs, are derived from Pre-cDCs in the bone marrow. cDC1s one of the key antigen presenting cells responsible for cross-presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells and priming of Th1 and Treg cells.
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD19-, NK1.1-)
Learn more about DC subtypes, essential markers for phenotyping, and DC function with our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
cDC2s, also known as CD11b+ DCs, are derived from Pre-cDCs at steady-state or from monocytes during inflammation in the tissue. cDC2s are one of the key antigen presenting cells responsible for priming of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells.
Mouse Markers:
Lin- (Ter119-, CD3-, CD19-, NK1.1-)
Learn more about DC subtypes, essential markers for phenotyping, and DC function with our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
Tissue-resident dendritic cells are derived from Pre-cDCs during steady-state or from monocytes during inflammation in the tissue. Tissue-resident cells are subcategorized into CD103+ and CD11b+ cells.
Mouse Markers:
To learn more about heterogeneity, tissue distribution, and the function of dendritic cell subsets check out our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
Macrophages are a part of the mononuclear phagocytic system. They play a critical role in inflammatory responses involving bacterial infections and tissue injuries. Originally, tissue-resident macrophages are derived from the embryonic precursor in the yolk sac. In adulthood, the peripheral pool of macrophages is maintained by monocytes.
Mouse Markers:
Learn more about macrophage heterogeneity, function, and phenotypic markers on our Macrophage Webpage .
Basophils belong to a subclass of granulocytes differentiated in the bone marrow from the GMP precursor. Basophils circulate in the blood and control allergy responses by performing different functions, including production of histamine and regulation of IgE levels via secretion of IL-4 cytokine.
Mouse Markers:
SSChi
Eosinophils belong to a subclass of granulocytes differentiated in the bone marrow from the GMP precursor. eosinophils have been shown to play an essential role in parasite infections (i.e. helminth infection) and some allergic reactions including asthma. eosinophils are potent mediators of T helper responses by production of Th1 (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-25) and Th2 (IL-12, IFN-γ) cytokines.
Mouse Markers:
SSChi
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes circulating in the blood. The lifespan of neutrophils is very short. The daily replenishment of the neutrophil peripheral pool happens via differentiation of neutrophils from GPs in the bone marrow. neutrophils patrol blood vessels, scavenging for pathogen-derived antigens and are one of the primary innate immune subsets to be recruited to sites of inflammation where they produce a plethora of antimicrobial peptides and proteins including α-defensins, lysozymes, and lactoferrin.
Mouse Markers:
SSChi
LCs are members of dendritic cell family and serve as antigen presenting cells in the skin. Unlike other dendritic cell types, LCs are derived from progenitors residing in the yolk sac during embryogenesis. In adulthood, the peripheral pool of LCs can be replenished by monocytes.
Mouse Markers:
Learn more about Langerhans cells and other DC subtypes with our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
Microglia are specialized antigen presenting cells identified in brain parenchyma. Microglia cells are derived from erythromyeloid progenitors in the yolk sac during primitive hematopoiesis around embryonic day 7.5-8 (E7.5-8). At steady-state, microglia cells are responsible for the removal of dead neurons and Aβ peptides, secretion of trophic factors such as BDNF, and synapse pruning. Under inflammatory signals, microglial cells become activated and differentiate into effective APCs.
Mouse Markers:
CD11c- (upregulated upon activation)
MHC IIlow (upregulated upon activation)
Learn more about Microglia cells and other myeloid cells in the CNS with our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Microglia Webpage.
Monocyte development includes several precursor cells including GMPs, MDPs, and cMOPs. Upon inflammatory stimuli, Ly6Chi monocytes migrate into inflamed tissues where they secrete pro-inflammatory mediators (i.e., TNF-α, iNOS, IL-12, type 1 interferons) and give rise to inflammatory M1 macrophages and dendritic cells.
Mouse Markers:
SSCint
Learn more about monocyte heterogeneity, function, and phenotypic markers on our Monocyte Webpage.
Ly6Clow monocytes are derived from either Ly6Chi monocytes or directly from upstream progenitors such as cMOPs. At steady-state, Ly6Clow monocytes patrol blood vessels. During inflammation, they can enter tissue and develop into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages eliciting wound repair.
Mouse Markers:
SSCint
Learn more about monocyte heterogeneity, function, and phenotypic markers on our Monocyte Webpage .
HSCs are pluripotent cells which give rise to all blood cell populations of lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineages and persist throughout the lifespan. They have the potential to self-renew to sustain the stem cell pool or differentiate into other multi-, oligo-, and unipotent progenitors which give rise to terminally differentiated cells (1-3, 5, 6).
Human Markers:
Lin- (CD3-,CD19-, CD56-, CD10-, CD14-, CD66b-, CD335-, CD11c-)
MPPs are multipotent progenitors derived from HSCs. They can give rise to other multipotent progenitor (LMPPs), or oligopotent and unipotent progenitors (i.e., CMPs, GMPs, or MDPs), which give rise to terminally differentiated cells of lymphoid, myeloid and erythroid lineages (1-3, 5, 6).
Human Markers:
Lin- (CD3-,CD19-, CD56-, CD10-, CD14-, CD66b-, CD335- , CD11c-)
GMPs are oligopotent progenitors derived from CMPs. Recent studies have shown that GMPs are a heterogeneous population of cells containing oligopotent progenitors such as GMDPs, MDPs, and CDPs. GMDPs differentiate to all myeloid lineages including mono/macs, granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils), and dendritic cells, while MDPs and CDPs give rise to monocytes and dendritic cells or only dendritic cells, respectively (5).
Human Markers:
pDCs are derived from LMPPs. They play a key role in antiviral responses and are a major producers of IFN type I cytokines.
Human Markers:
Lin- (CD3-,CD20-, CD66b-, CD335-)
Learn more about DC subtypes, essential markers for phenotyping and DC function with our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
Tissue-resident dendritic cells are derived from pre-cDCs (Precursor of Conventional DCs) during steady-state or from monocytes during inflammation in the tissue. In some tissues, like intestine, tissue-resident cells are subcategorized into CD103+ or CD11b+ cells. In the dermis, tissue-resident cells can be subcategorized based on CD14 expression.
Human Markers:
Learn more about DC subtypes, essential markers for phenotyping and DC function on our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
Macrophages are a part of the mononuclear phagocytic system. They play a critical role in inflammatory responses involving bacterial infections and tissue injuries. Originally, tissue-resident macrophages are derived from the embryonic precursor in the yolk sac. In adulthood, the peripheral pool of macrophages is maintained by monocytes.
Human Markers:
Learn more about macrophage heterogeneity, function, and phenotypic markers on our Macrophage Webpage .
CD141 (BDCA-3)hi DCs are derived from Pre-cDCs in the bone marrow. CD141 (BDCA-3)hi DCs are equivalent to the mouse cDC1 population and are one of the key antigen presenting cells responsible for cross-presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells and priming T helper responses.
Human Markers:
Lin- (CD3-,CD20-, CD66b-, CD335-)
Learn more about DC subtypes, essential markers for phenotyping and DC function on our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
CD1c (BDCA-1)+ DCs are derived from Pre-cDCs during steady-state or from monocytes during inflammation in the tissue. CD1c (BDCA-1)+ DCs are equivalent to mouse cDC2s and are one of the key antigen presenting cells responsible for priming Th, Th2, and Th17 cells.
Human Markers:
Lin- (CD3-,CD20-, CD66b-, CD335-)
Learn more about DC subtypes, essential markers for phenotyping, and DC function on our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
Basophils are a subclass of granulocytes which are differentiated in the bone marrow from GMPs. Basophils circulate in blood and control allergy responses by performing different functions including production of histamine and control of IgE levels via secretion of IL-4.
Human Markers:
SSChi
IL-5Rα+
Eosinophils are a subclass of granulocytes which are differentiated in the bone marrow from GMPs. Eosinophils have been shown to play an essential role in parasite infections (i.e. helminth infection) and some allergic reactions including asthma. Eosinophils are potent mediators of T helper responses by production of Th1 (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-25) and Th2 (IL-12, IFN-γ) cytokines.
Human Markers:
SSChi
IL-5Rα+
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes circulating in the blood. The lifespan of neutrophils is very short and the daily replenishment of the peripheral pool of neutrophils occurs via differentiation of Neutrophils from GPs in the bone marrow. Neutrophils patrol blood vessels scavenging for pathogen-derived antigens and are one of the primary innate immune subsets to be recruited to the sites of inflammation where they produce antimicrobial peptides and proteins including α-defensins, lysozymes, and lactoferrin.
Human Markers:
SSChi
IL-5Rα-
LCs are the members of dendritic cell family and serve as an antigen presenting cells in the skin. In comparison to other dendritic cell types, LCs are derived from progenitor residing in yolk sac during embryogenesis. In adulthood, the peripheral pool of LCs can be replenished by monocytes.
Human Markers:
Learn more about Langerhans cells and other DC subtypes on our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Dendritic Cell Interactive Pathway.
Microglia are specialized antigen presenting cells in brain parenchyma. Microglia cells are derived from erythromyeloid progenitors in the yolk sac during primitive hematopoiesis. During steady-state microglia cells are responsible for the removal of dead neurons and Aβ peptides, secretion of trophic factors such as BDNF, and synapse pruning. Under inflammatory signals, microglial cells become activated and differentiate into effective APCs.
Human Markers:
Learn more about Microglia cells and other myeloid cells in the CNS on our Dendritic Cell Webpage and Microglia Webpage.
Several precursor cells are involved in monocyte development including GMPs, GMDPs, and MDPs. CD14+ monocytes are equivalent to the mouse Ly6Chi monocyte which, upon inflammatory stimuli, migrate into inflamed tissues where they secrete proinflammatory mediators (i.e., TNF-alpha, iNOS, IL-12, and IFN type I cytokines) and give rise to inflammatory M1 macrophages and dendritic cells.
Human Markers:
SSCint
Learn more about monocyte heterogeneity, function, and phenotypic markers on our Monocyte Webpage .
Several precursor cells are involved in monocyte development including GMPs, GMDPs, and MDPs. CD16+ monocytes are equivalent to mouse Ly6Clo monocytes which patrol blood vessels. During inflammation, they can enter tissue and presumably develop into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages eliciting wound repair.
Human Markers:
SSCint
Learn more about monocyte heterogeneity, function, and phenotypic markers our our Monocyte Webpage .
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MDPs are oligopotent progenitors which give rise to monocytes and dendritic cell populations (cDC1, cDC2, pDC). The relationship between MDPs and other progenitor populations is not fully understood.
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